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Intention, then wash the hands, rinse the mouth and nose, wash the face, the arms to the elbows, wipe the head and ears, then wash the feet to the ankles — each in order. Referenced in Quran 5:6 and detailed in Sahih al-Bukhari 159.

Face the Qibla, make the intention, say Allahu Akbar, recite Al-Fatiha and a passage, bow (ruku'), stand, prostrate twice (sujud), then complete the units and finish with the tashahhud and salam. See Sahih al-Bukhari 757 for the Prophet's ﷺ instruction to a man learning to pray.

Rushing the movements, not settling in each posture, praying outside the valid time window, and reciting without stillness. The Prophet ﷺ instructed a hurried man to repeat his prayer (Sahih al-Bukhari 793).

A prayer missed through sleep or forgetfulness is prayed when remembered (Sahih Muslim 684). Scholars differ on making up long-abandoned prayers — this is a case to take to a qualified scholar.

A traveller may shorten Dhuhr, Asr and Isha to two units (Quran 4:101). Schools differ on the minimum distance and duration that make one a traveller.

The Friday congregational prayer replaces Dhuhr for those obliged to attend (Quran 62:9). Arrive early, listen to the khutbah in silence, and pray two units behind the imam.

Voluntary night prayer after sleeping, before Fajr — the last third of the night is emphasised (Sahih al-Bukhari 1145). Any even number of units, two at a time, then Witr.

Two voluntary units followed by the transmitted supplication (Sahih al-Bukhari 1166). It is a prayer for the better outcome, not a dream or a sign.

Prayed in congregation after sunrise on Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, with extra takbirs and a khutbah afterwards. Details of the number of takbirs differ between schools.